Sebelum masuk ke kalimat nominal pastikan kalian sudah membaca tentang aturan tenses pada kalimat verbal (kalimat umum/non-nominal).
Kalimat nominal – masih berhubungan erat dengan tenses 12 – adalah kalimat yang VERB ordinary-nya berupa anggota dari keluarga “BE” yang kemudian diikuti oleh Complement of Subject. Mari kita telaah masing-masing istilah tersebut!
Kalimat yang VERB ordinary-nya berupa anggota dari keluarga “BE”.
BE. Bayangkan seekor bunglon! Bunglon akan berubah warna tergantung pada dimana dia berada. Di daun dia akan berwarna hijau, di batang pohon dia akan berwarna coklat, di daun kuning, dia ikut kuning, pokoknya menyesuaikan dengan tempatnya.
BE (beberapa menyebutnya TO BE) juga seperti itu. Dia akan berubah bentuk sesuai dengan tenses dimana dia berada. Pada Simple Present Tense dia menjadi is, am, atau are. Pada Simple Past Tense dia menjadi was atau were. Pada Tenses-tenses perfect dia menjadi been. Pada tenses-tenses continuous dia berwujud being. Finally, Pada Simple Future Tense dan Modal dia akan menjadi be saja. Itulah BE. Bunglon dalam Bahasa Inggris. wkwkwk.
| TENSES | BENTUK BE |
| Simple Present Tense | IS, AM, atau ARE |
| Present Continuous Tense | BEING |
| Present Perfect Tense | BEEN |
| Present Perfect-Continuous Tense | BEING |
| Simple Past Tense | WAS atau WERE |
| Past Continuous Tense | BEING |
| Past Perfect Tense | BEEN |
| Past Perfect-Continuous Tense | BEING |
| Simple Future Tense | BE |
| Future Continuous Tense | BEING |
| Future Perfect Tense | BEEN |
| Future Perfect-Continuous Tense | BEING |
| Modal Auxiliary | BE |
Complement of Subject – pelengkap subjek – adalah kata yang jatuh setelah linking verb. Dalam kasus kalimat nominal, linking Verb-nya adalah BE. Sederhananya, kata yang muncul setelah BE disebut Complement of Subject.
Complement of Subject bisa berupa adjective (kata sifat), noun (kata benda) atau adverb (kata keterangan), atau apapun yang penting BUKAN verb. Contoh Complement of Subject dalam kalimat adalah sebagai berikut:
- She is beautiful.
- She was a teacher.
- I will be here tomorrow.
Dalam contoh di atas “beautiful” adalah Complement of Subject yang adjective, “a teacher” yang noun, dan “here” adalah Complement of Subject berupa adverb.
Sehingga Rumus Tenses antara kalimat verbal dan kalimat nominal akan sedikit berbeda. Kita perlu mengganti VERB dangan BE + COS. (*COS = Complement of Subject). Jika tenses tersebut mempunyai AUXV (Auxiliary Verb), AUXV tetap harus ada. Note: Hanya Simple Present Tense dan Simple Past Tense saja yang BE-nya juga berperan sebagai AUXV. Artinya BE dari Simple Present dan Simple Past akan mendapat NOT dalam kalimat negatif dan mengawali pertanyaan pada kalimat interogatif layaknya AUXV.
| TENSE | VERBAL | NOMINAL |
| Simple Present Tense | S + V1 | S + IS/AM/ARE + COS |
| Present Continuous Tense | S + AUXV + V-ING | S + IS/AM/ARE + BEING + COS |
| Present Perfect-Continuous Tense | S + AUXV + V3 | S + HAVE/HAS + BEEN + COS |
| Present Perfect-Continuous Tense | S + AUXV + V-ING | S + HAVE BEEN/ HAS BEEN + BEING + COS |
| Simple Past Tense | S + V2 | S + WAS/WERE + COS |
| Past Continuous Tense | S + AUXV + V-ING | S + WAS/WERE + BEING + COS |
| Past Perfect Tense | S + AUXV + V3 | S + HAD + BEEN + COS |
| Past Perfect-Continuous Tense | S + AUXV + V-ING | S + HAD BEEN + BEING + COS |
| Simple Future Tense | S + AUXV + V1 | S + WILL + BE + COS |
| Future Continuous Tense | S + AUXV + V-ING | S + WILL BE + BEING + COS |
| Future Perfect Tense | S + AUXV + V3 | S + WILL HAVE + BEEN + COS |
| Future Perfect Continuous Tense | S + AUXV + V-ING | S + WILL HAVE BEEN + BEING + COS |
Sehingga jika Rumus kalimat nominal di atas di aplikasikan pada kalimat “She is happy”, dalam bentuk kalimat positif, negatif dan interrogatif, hasilnya akan seperti di tabel berikut ini.
| TENSES | POSITIVE | NEGATIVE | INTERROGATIVE |
| Simple Present Tense | She is happy. | She is not happy. | Is she happy? |
| Present Continuous Tense | She is being happy. | She is not being happy. | Is she being happy? |
| Present Perfect Tense | She has been happy. | She has not been happy. | Has she been happy? |
| Present Perfect-Continuous Tense | She has been being happy. | She has not been being happy. | Has she been being happy? |
| Simple Past Tense | She was happy. | She was not happy. | Was she happy? |
| Past Continuous Tense | She was being happy. | She was not being happy. | Was she being happy? |
| Past Perfect Tense | She had been happy. | She had been happy. | Had she been happy? |
| Past Perfect-Continuous Tense | She had been being happy. | She had not been being happy. | Had she been being happy? |
| Simple Future Tense | She will be happy. | She will not be happy. | Will she be happy? |
| Future Continuous Tense | She will be being happy. | She will not be being happy. | Will she be being happy? |
| Future Perfect Tense | She will have been happy. | She will not have been happy. | Will she have been happy? |
| Future Perfect-Continuous Tense | She will have been being happy | She will not have been being happy. | Will she have been being happy? |
PENTING !!! PERBEDAAN PENDAPAT DI KALANGAN ULAMA BAHASA INGGRIS
Untuk kasus kalimat nominal pada tenses, terdapat perbedaan pendapat dikalangan ulama/para ahli Bahasa Inggris. Beberapa pendapat menyatakan bahwa “tenses-tenses yang continuous tidak mempunyai bentuk nominal karena maknanya sama dengan tenses non-progressive nya.” Menurut kelompok ini tenses continuous tidak punya nominal. Sehingga, “She has been happy” dengan “She has been being happy” bermakna sama. “She has been happy” yang lebih baik untuk digunakan. Sehingga menurut kelompok ini Tenses Nominal hanya ada 6.
Kelompok lain menyatakan dengan lebih tegas, “Setiap tenses mempunyai bentuk nominal.” Kalimat “She has been being happy” mempunyai makna tersendiri yang tidak bisa di-cover oleh “She has been happy.” Begitu pula dengan “She is happy” dan “She is being happy” maknanya berbeda. Mereka berpendapat, “Jarang sekali dipakai bukan berarti tidak ada.” Sehingga kelompok ini tetap mempertahankan bahwa tenses nominal dan verbal jumlahnya sama-sama 12. Setiap tenses punya bentuk verbal dan nominal.
Kelompok mana yang anda ikuti? Anda bebas menentukan. Keduanya sama-sama benar. Keduanya dari para ahli bahasa. Menurut Admin, bagi kita – para pembelajar – lebih baik kita pelajari semuanya, beres. Gitu aja kok repot!
Sumber Referensi :
1. “be” | Merriam Webster
2. Pengertian dan Contoh Kalimat Verb to be | Wordsmile